pISSN: 2234-6252
한국해양경찰학회보, Vol.13 no.2 (2023)
pp.25~49
해양경비법 체계의 문제점과 개선방안 고찰
오랫동안 해양경비 활동은 ｢경찰관직무집행법｣이나 해양경찰청 내부 규칙에 근거 하여 수행되어왔다. 하지만 ｢경찰관직무집행법｣이 육상을 중심으로 설계되어 해상에 서 적용하는데 한계가 많거나, 내부 규칙은 법치주의 원리에 위배될 여지가 있는 등 해양경비 활동의 법적 근거가 미약했었다. 2012년 ｢해양경비법｣이 제정되면서 해양경 비 활동에 대한 법적 근거를 명확히 하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 환경 변화를 반영한 법 개정이 미흡하여 개선해야 할 점도 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 해양경비 활동의 근거법으로서 ｢해양경비법｣에 대한 내용과 법 체계상 문제점을 살펴보고 개선방안을 제시하는 것이다. 연구방법으로 문헌 고찰 및 타 법률과의 비교 방법을 주로 활용하였다. 문제점에 대한 검토 결과, 몇 가지 대안 을 제시하였다. 첫째, 법 제1조(목적)의 적정성 여부를 검토하여 지나치게 추상적이 고 확장된 법의 목적을 경비 목적에 맞게 정비하였다. 둘째, 법 제2조(정의)의 ‘해양 경비’ 개념을 재검토하여 의미를 재정의하였다. 지나치게 추상적이고 범위가 확장되 었던 경비의 개념에 대하여 현실적인 태양을 추출하여 재정의하였다. 셋째, 법 제7조 (해양경비 활동의 범위)를 검토하여 해양경비 활동 범위를 합리적으로 조정하였다. 해양경비 활동 범위에 새로이 신설되거나 삭제되어야 할 직무를 제시하였다. 넷째, 개괄적 수권조항으로 보여지는 법 제7조 제6호를 검토하였다. 개괄적 수권조항을 개 별 작용법에 규정하는 것은 법체계의 조화를 깨뜨리므로 이를 삭제할 것을 제안하였다. 다섯째, 법 제11조(경비 수역별 중점 경비 사항)를 검토하여 법률에 규정할 사항 과 시행령 이하로 위임할 사항을 구분하였다. 여섯째, 미국이나 일본의 예처럼 해양 경찰관의 일반적 직무집행에 관한 근거를 제시할 수 있는 가칭) ｢해양경찰관직무집 행법｣을 별도로 제정할 것을 제시하였다. 그동안 해양경비 활동을 해양경찰 작용 전체에 적용되는 표준처분처럼 인식하거나, ｢해양경비법｣을 해상에서 ｢경찰관직무집행법｣으로 생각하는 시각이 많았다. 하지 만 본 연구를 통하여 해양경비의 기본 개념이나 제도에 대한 기존의 시각이 어느 정 도 극복되리라 생각한다. 그리하여 해양경비 활동이 해양경찰 작용의 일부 특정한 작용에 불과하고, ｢해양경비법｣도 특정 분야의 작용법이라는 인식이 통용될 것을 기대한다.
A Study on the Problems and Improvement of the Coast Guard Affairs Act System
For a long time, maritime security activities have been carried out based on ｢The Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers｣or the internal rules of the Korea Coast Guard. However, ｢The Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers｣was designed focusing on land and had many limitations in applying it at sea, or internal rules had room to violate the rule of law. With the enactment of ｢The Coast Guard Affairs Act｣in 2012, the legal basis for maritime security activities was laid. Accordingly, the legal basis for the exercise of police power for maritime security activities was clarified. Nevertheless, there are some points that need to be improved due to the insufficient revision of the law reflecting environmental changes. The purpose of this study is to examine the contents of ｢The Coast Guard Affairs Act｣and problems in the legal system as a basis for maritime security activities and to suggest improvement measures. As a research method, literature review and comparison methods with other laws were mainly used. As a result of reviewing the problem, several alternatives were suggested. First, by examining the appropriateness of Article 1 (Purpose) of the Act, the purpose of the excessively abstract and extended law was reorganized to suit the purpose of the maritime security activities. Second, the concept of 'sea security' in Article 2 (Definition) of the Act was reviewed and the meaning was redefined. The concept of the maritime security activities. which was excessively abstract and expanded in scope, was redefined by extracting a realistic appearance. Third, Article 7 of the Act (the scope of maritime security activities) was reviewed to reasonably adjust the scope of maritime security activities. Jobs that should be newly established or deleted in the scope of maritime security activities were presented. Fourth, Article 7 No. 6 of the Act, which is seen as a general authorization clause, was reviewed. It was proposed to delete the general authorization clause because it breaks the harmony of the legal system. Fifth, Article 11 of the Act (focused the maritime security activities for each sea area) was reviewed to distinguish between matters to be stipulated in the law and matters to be delegated under the enforcement ordinance. Sixth, as in the case of the United States and Japan, it was proposed to separately enact so-called ｢The Act on the Performance of Duties by Marine Police Officers｣, which can provide a basis for the general execution of duties of marine police officers. Until now, many have recognized marine security activities as standard enforcement applied to the entire maritime police function, or considered ｢The Coast Guard Affairs Act｣as ｢The Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers｣ at sea. However, through this study, I think the existing perspective on the basic concept or system of marine security will be overcome to some extent. It is expected that marine security activities are only some specific actions of the Coast Guard and that ｢The Coast Guard Affairs Act｣is also a law of action in a specific field.
